verb + -ing or infinitive

verb + -ing or infinitive and change in meaning

Remember and forget:

1. + doing something = memories of the past (the action happens before the remembering).
2. + to do something = actions someone is/was supposed to do (the remembering happens before the action).

Regret:

1. + doing = sorry about something that happened in the past.
2. + to do = inform/tell someone about bad news.

Try:

1. + doing = do something and see what happens.
2. + to do = make an effort to do something, but not necessarily succeed.

Stop:

1. + doing = end an action.
2. + to do = give the reason for stoping.

Mean:

1. + doing = one thing results in or involves another.
2. + to do = expree an intension.

Go on:

1. + doing = continue doing something.
2. + to do = move on to do something else.

Verbs of perception: (feel, hear, listen to, notice, see, watch)

1. + doing = part of the action, or it continues.
2. + to do = the whole action from beginning to end.

Verb + -ing or infinitive and little change in meaning(begin, continue, intend, start)

Note: two -ing forms are not usually used together.

E.G. : It was starting to get dark. (not starting getting)

like, love, prefer, hate + doing = showing your feelings.

+ to do = suggest something is a good idea.

E.G. : I like to do my tax returns realy, but I don't like doing them.

sentences from english movie

1. Outwardly, I was everything a well-brought up girl should be. Inside, I was screaming.
   外表看,我是个教养良好的小姐,骨子里,我很反叛.
2. Remember, they love money, so just pretend like you own a goldmine and you're in the club.只要你装得很有钱的样子他们就会跟你套近乎.
3. All life is a game of luck.生活本来就全靠运气.
4. I love waking up in the morning and not knowing what's going to happen, or who I'm going to meet, where I'm going to wind up.我喜欢早上起来时一切都是未知的,不知会遇见什么人,会有什么样的结局.
5. I figure life is a gift and I don't intend on wasting it. You never know what hand you're going to get dealt next. You learn to take life as it comes at you.我觉得生命是一份礼物,我不想浪费它,你不会知道下一手牌会是什么,要学会接受生活.
6. To make each day count. 要让每一天都有所值.
7. God shall wipe away all the tears from their eyes, and there shall be no more death. Neither shall there be sorrow or dying, neither shall there be any more pain, for the former world has passed away.上帝擦去他们所有的眼泪.死亡不再有,也不再有悲伤和生死离别,不再有痛苦,因往事已矣.

Words and sentences from listening and conversation

Words:
Broccoli: a green vegetable.
Ferocious: fierce and violent 残忍的；凶猛的；凶恶的
eg. These lions and tigers looked pretty ferocious.
Claustrophobic: fear of being enclosed in a small closed space 忧郁症
eg. Sometimes I feel so sorry for the animals being locked away in those cages all day long.
They must feel so claustrophobic.
Chimpanzee: an African APE with dark hair 黑猩猩
Foul: very dirty, or with a very unpleasant smell. 污秽的；恶臭的
Grand: 1000 dollars or pounds
Tear: to make irregular holes in cloth or paper, or to pull material apart leaving irregular
edges 撕破；撕裂 (tore; torn)
eg. The place has been torn down. 那个地方已经拆了。
Burgle: to break into a building and steal from it. 入室盗窃
eg. I read a stroy the other day about restaurant that got burgled. 前几天我还读到关于一
个饭馆失窃的报道。

Sentences:

• Foul mood 坏心情
• security guard 保安
• an alarm system 报警器
• What are you trying to say? 你到底想说什么呀？
• What's there to steal in a restaurant? 旅馆有什么东西好偷的呢？
• It's better to be safe than sorry. 安全第一
• That would probabaly do the trick though. 那可能比较有用。
• Extract the square root of 64 开64的方根
• Have a tooth extracted 拔牙

reference with synonyms

The use of synonyms to link sentences also improves the quality and texture of a passage. When you are writing, synonyms help you summarise part of the previous text, and, thus, link sentences together. Futhermore, they help you to aviod repetition and stop you from relying over much on adverbs and conjunctions to make connections.

Below is a list of such words that are ofthen used to help link sentencs. Put the words into the appropriate spaces below. Note that in some cases it is possible to use moren than one word. You may also be able to think of other words from outside the list.

solution/entertainment/problem/proposal/policy/group/violence/measure/move/idea
/situation/poly/amenties/recommendation/fact/suggestion/crime/damage

1.Old people should be given a higher pension during winter months. This seems to be the best possible (a)solution to the problem.
Note: solution; The phrase to the problem limits your choice of words here.

2.Millions of people are dying each year because of a lack of basic medicine; a (a)damage that surely cannot be ignored.
Note: situation/fact/problem; If you want to make a strong statement about the situation, you could use crime here.

3.Many inner cities have been disfigured by insensitive office developments, but the (a)situation, I feel, is not irreparable.
Note: damage; The word situation is also pehaps possible here.

4.Safety belts should be made compulsory on all coaches. If this (a)suggestion/proposal/recommendation were adopted, it would certainly help reduce injuries in road accidents.
Note: measure/proposal/recommendation/suggestion/idea; The word should shows that the writer is making a suggestion/proposal/recommendation in the first sentence. The sentence also contains a measure that should be made compulsory by legislation.
The word idea is suitable here as a reference word, but it is less specific than the word suggestion, etc., in that it does not carry the opinion contained in the word should. Note also that it does not carry the idea of action which is intended to achieve an effect, as in the word measure. It is, therefoe, a more general synonym.

5.More swimming pools, leisure centers and sports clubs are being built all over the country. Even so, there are still not enough (a)amenities like this to saisfy demand.
Note: amenities; you normally find facilities in amenities.

6. Scenes of murder and physical assault are now commonplace on TV. Such (a)violence, unfortunately, has a negative effect on the minds of young people.
Note: violence/entertainment; It is interesting that the word which first comes to mind here, for some people, is entertainment.

7.The Department of Transport has decided to introduce a green tax on fuel. There are, of course, many people who would object to the introduction of this (a)recommendation.
Note: measure/idea; It is clear that the first sentence contains a measure, which is to be introduced. Notice that you cannot use suggestion/recommondation/proposal here, as nothing is being proposed. The measure has already been decided upon. Compare this sentence with number 4 above.

8.Making petty criminals wear electronic tags has been a failure in the United States. Surprisingly, the (a)proposal is being considered by the Home Office in the UK.
Note: idea/measure; Note that suggestion/recommendation/proposal do not fit here. See 4 and 7 above.

9.Young people nowadays have many forms of technology to amuse them. Teachers often disapprove of such (a)entertainment, as it tends to make students lazy and unable to think for themselves.
Note: entertainment

10.Society often fails to meet the needs of physically handicapped people. Yet they are a (a)fact that obviously deserves more help.
Note: group

11.The government introduced the new rule while everyone's attention was engaged elsewhere. It was quite a clever (a)policy.
Note: idea/move/poly/solution; Any word you could use here, which is not in the list, is manoeuvre

globalization

Globalization has been a vast and hotly-debated topic over the past few years, which always comes with the idea about free and fair trade, exchanged goods and services, economic and industrial development etc. Therefore, it is not easy to define what's the exact meaning of such a word. In other words, it includes all the integration of economic, political, and cultural systems across the globe. However, it has a generally definition given by economists as global expansion of the division of labour. "The diminution or elimination of state-enforced restrictions on exchanges across borders and the increasingly integrated and complex global system of production and exchange that has emerged as a result." ( Globalization Is Grrrreat, Tom G. Palmer, 2002) On one hand, it creates new markets and wealth; distributes lots of resources; on the other hand, it causes widespread environmental degradation, disorder and unrest; loses diversity, local culture and traditions as well. Thomas Lauren Friedman, an American journalist, columnist and author claimed "the pace of globalization is quickening and will continue to have a growing impact on business organization and practice." (The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention, 2008) Now, various different areas have been influenced by globalization such as industry, finance, economy and so on. It is generally believed that this kind of development has aroused enormous controversy. Therefore, this essay will examine the both positive and negative aspects that globalization has, especially in economic fields.

Globalization has distributed much more growing share of resources than ever before, thus, everyone could share the benefits of increased international trade within the country. In particular, it helps people to improve their income. An example of this is China, where per capita income rose from around $1400 in 1980 to more than $4000 by 2000. Another example is India, whose per capita income rose by over 100% between 1980 and 1996. It seems that the policy of opening the door to all over the world will lead a country becoming wealthier.

Unsurprisingly, globalization has created more favourable conditions for more countries and regions accessing to international capital markets. In recent years, the conditions for developing countries access to international capital market are significantly improved. Consequently, more and more countries participate in the inter-mediation activities of international capital markets, therefore, many kinds of barriers in the way of capital market have been eliminating.

In some developing countries, globalization has made a sufficient progress of economic growth and poverty reduction, particularly in the East Asian such as China, Vietnam, Thailand etc.

In spite of the fact that there have been many substantial advantages, they are not given the whole pictures. Take the growing share of international trade for example, which is mentioned above. The figures are "average", that is to say, the increasing income has been seen in a small minority of people, and the vast majority have only owned a slight improvement.

Furthermore, globalization makes the richer get richer whereas the poorer get poorer, especially between the superpowers and developing countries. This is easily exampled by the fact that in the United States, the gap between the richest families and the poorest ones is widening from 9 percent in1992 to 70 percent in 2001. At present in the United States, 20 percent of the highest income paid own 50 percent of the income, the richest five percent of the total United States to the percentage of total revenue in 2000 from 22.1% to 22.4% in 2001.

Accordingly, globalization provides a potential rule which is much more unreasonable and unfair to poor countries. As we know, globalization has broken the traditional market boundaries which is definitely result in a problem that the poorer countries have to face more intense competition.

In a word, globalization has both positive and negative effect on the entire society, it provides a kind of wide resources for human beings to share, although the figures are not reflecting the whole picture; it creates favourable conditions for more countries to come into the international capital markets, although it has more pressure on the poorer countries to catch up with such higher level of industrial world; it makes improvements of economiy and reduction of poverty, although it's not equal in imports and exports between superpower and poor countries. It could be predicted that such thing is exiting and will be exiting for a long time.

something should be aware in writing

Topic sentence

1. Try to avoid the essay that reads like a loose list of isolated points.
2. Using the topic sentence tie paragraphs in with the major issues outlined in the introduction.
3. To create fluency and cohesion between each paragraph use transitions at the beginning of the topic sentence.

Development and evidence

1. In the development, show the examiner you have the abilities to analyse, criticise, discuss and evaluate issues.
2. Avoid simply trying to impress the examiner with how much you know.
3. It's not the conclusions you reach, but the abilities you use to get there, that matters.
4. Try to avoid giving too much evidence: it might confuse examiners by breaking up the structure of your essay.
5. Equally, avoid giving too little, relying instead on mere opinion.

Transitions

Contrast: 'In contrast'-'However'

Extension: 'Moreover'-'Therefore'

Reinforcing: 'Similarly'-'Likewise'

In view of their importance, make sure your transitions do what you want them to do. Occasionally we find ourselves using weak transitions, which create only weak links and a weak essay structure. The worst are those we use for a list of points, words and phrases, like 'also', 'Another point is' and 'In addition'. These have their counterparts in subjects, like history, where we resort to time to order our ideas, which we introduce with transitions like 'After', 'Then' and 'The next'. When you find yourself using this sort of transition, just check to see what's happening in your essay. More often than not they will indicate that you're no longer discussing issues by developing a critical analysis. Instead, you've slipped into a description of the issues or into a narrative of the events.

the reflection of presentation this morning

Presentation is one of the most important skills for students who study at a master level. Today, I have had a little bit of presentation with my group members. Obviously, most of us haven't done it very well, not only because of nervous, but also lack of preparation. Why this happening sometimes, in my opinion, there are several seasons as follows:

Firstly, lack of practice. As we known, practice makes perfect. The more exercise, the better ability we get. Secondly, more comprehensive skills needed. As far as I am concerned, the presentation should be on the basis of well-understanding of what we have read. Sometimes, we face the fact that there are some abstract objectives which make us misunderstood or confused. Thus, we need more research to help us to learn what's the author's exactly purpose, especially the implication in it. Thirdly, lack of awareness of knowledge in communication with audience. When we start a presentation, we often neglect our audience's feeling, looking at the white board or out of the window, thinking about how to examine the structure of our presentation or things like that. It seems what should be ignored is not the audience, but the details of ourselves.

In summary, we still need more improvement in master studying, and the action we must take first is more reading, although it is not a short-term goal.

homework of writing

Write a paragraph (100 words) supporting fair trade, using the notes.
Fair Trade
1. main points
* Encourages development of the local communities.
* Helps to reduce environmental damage.
2. support
* Many fair trade producers use systems which allow the soil to recover naturally without chemicals.
* Producers of fair trade goods use their financial and technical expertise in their communities.
3. examples
* A coffee co-operative in Mexico started a public bus service in the village.
* Producers of organic rice in Thailand use traditional techniques which do not use chemicals or exhaust the soil.

Fair trade has been a hot topic since 2000. It is generally considered that it encourages development of the local communities. In particular, producers of fair trade goods use their financial and technical expertise in their communities. This is easily examplied by the fact that a coffee co-operative in Mexico starts a public bus service in the village. Furthermore, it also helps to reduce environmental damage. Particularly, many fair trade producers use systems which allow the social to recover naturally without chemicals. One example of this is producers of organic rice in Thailand use traditional techniques which do not use chemicals or exhaust the soil.

the definite article as a connecting word

You have looked at joining sentences together by various means. It is now time to focus on another linking device, the definite article.
In the exercise below, explain the use of the articles, the/a/an, and the lack of articles, as far as you can. Then read the key carefully.

1. A man was walking slowly along a dark street of low cottages. The street was narrow and unwelcoming. As he glanced into the alleys between some of the cottages, the man looked quite scared.
2. The advice you gave me was unsound.
3. The blind may benefit from new developments in technology.
4. The walk to Studland along the beach from the ferry takes just over an hour.
5. I usually hear from him twice a year.
6. We were sitting in an old cafe. The sun was shining in a blue sky, but it was bitterly cold. The room was very cosy and the hot chocolate was warm and rich.
7. Islands are romantic places and the Seychelles are no exception.
8. The most important bee in a hive is the queen.
9. In the following exercise fill the blanks with a suitable word.
10. I was set up from the behind. The attack lasted only ablut five minutes, but, believe me, it seemed like a very long time.

the article practice

1. (An) advice is often difficult to accept from () friends, but (the) advice Samir gave me was surprisingly helpful. The next time I need () help I shall know where to go.

2. () old people always think that (the) young lack () discipline; maybe it's because () young people are free from (the) shackles that hindered () previous generations.

3. (The) first time she saw him she was only thirteen. His curly auburn hair and sailor's uniform were what did it. (A) year later she was out delivering (0/the) milk on her bicycle, when she saw him for (the) second time. He was also on (a) bike. If you are going in (the) 0 opposite directions, () bicycles are not very convenient for starting (the) a love affair.

4. () whales are in (the) 0 danger of becoming extinct.

5. (The/0) rubbish left by (the/0) climbers on (the) Himalayas is building up.

6. Sarah and Mtty were () great friends. Whenever Sarah went out to see her at (a) the big house, Matty would always make her tea in (a) the large kitchen. Then, if Lady Margaret were not around, they would slide down (the) banisters on (the) staircase in (the) front entrance hall. How difficult it is, when you are young, to resist (the) 0 banisters, especially if they look dangerous.

7. On () arrival at (an) the airport, (the) first thing he did was phone home.

8. (The) Giant's Causeway is one of (the) most beautiful places in () Europe.

words and phrases that are not exactly correct

When you are writing, it is difficult to think about the grammar and spelling as well as the
different connecting devices, all at the same time. However, if you can learn to control the
reference and connections in your writing, it gives you greater freedom, and more time, to
concentrate on the content and the ideas.

In this exercise, you are going to look at a mixture of connections. Some words or phrases
are almost correct; some are completely wrong; and yet others are repetitions. Read the
text below once and then read it again, replacing, where possible, the underlined words with
suitable words/phrases.

Why are people turning more and more to alternative medicine?

Alternative, or non-orthodox, medicine is now attracting an ever-
increasing number of people. There are, (1)however, many (2)causes behind this (3)custom.

The most important argument is the public's increased awareness of their (4)condition. (5)The public are no longer willing to bear the mildest of pain, (6)as headaches, or (7)bear even minor illness like flu. (8)On the other hand, (9)the public spare no effort looking for help by any means available. As orthodox medicine often
does not work or needs time to work, (10)they do not hesitate to seek help from an acupuncturist or osteopath in the hope of better relief.
(11)And in chronic situations, (12)namely arthritis, headaches or backache, where (13)orthodox medicine can often do little, some forms of (14)unorthodox medicine are favoured by an increasing number of people.

(15)Other important reason is that (16)in contrary to orthodox medicine, non-orthodox forms of treatment do not usually involve much intervention. (17)They also fear being admitted to hospital for any length of time, taking drugs or chemicals,
which may do harm. Above all, they (18)fear operations of any kind. (19)In addition, when something simple promises relief, they naturally (20)switch to it.

Keys:
1. in fact/ in effect/ of course
Notes: notice that there is no cotrast between the two sentences. Moreover, the second
sentence is not a development of the first; it is a fact related to the first sentence.
2. reasons
Notes: you can not say causes behind. The title also asks you for reasons: why...
3. development/ change/ trend/ phenomenon
Note: the first sentence does not describe a cuestom. Note how strong the connections are
here: in fact- reasons- this development.
4. health
Note: the word condition is not specific enough. The next few sentences indicate the
meaning of the word required. Note that the word health is looking forward in the
text.
5. people
Note: you need to avoid repetition in a text by looking for alternative words.
6. such as/ for example
Note: you have the word like later in the same sentence.
7. cope with/ tolerate/ endure/ suffer
Note: again you need to avoid repetition. Note that the following alternatives are too
colloquiai: stand/ stomach/ put up with.
8. Moreover/ Further, etc
Note: the phrase on the other hand does not mean the same as in addition.
9. They
Note: this is the third time you have seen this phrase. You cannot use people again as this
would be repetitive; hence, the pronoun.
10. people/ the public
Note: you need to use a noun here, as the word you need to refer to is too far away.
11. Similarly/ Furthermore, etc
Note: you have probably seen the word and used at the beginning of sentences. Note,
however, that the word is not an adverb of connection; it is a conjunction.
12. for example/ such as/ like
Note: the word namely is wrong here, as you are only giving examples. You need to avoid
repeating the same word/ phrases as 6 above.
13. To avoid repetition above and in the next paragraph, you can use conventional medicine
as a synonym for orthodox medicine.
14. To aoid repetition the word orthodox and medicine, you can use alternative treatments.
15. The word another is needed here.
16.You need in contrast here.
17. people/ The public
Note: you need a noun here.
18.To aviod repetition of the word fear, you could use: are frightened of/ are worried about/
dread/ are afraid of/ are terrified of
19. thus/ hence
Note: this sentence is the conclusion of the paragraph.
20. turn
Note: the word switch is too colloquial. Also, look at the title.

definite and zero articles

Use the definite article (the):
*When referring to something that is already known to the listener because it has been
mentioned before.
E.G. So I showed the photos to the police. (I've mentioned these photos before)
*When referring to something that is already known to the listener because it is obvious from
the text.
E.G. I forgot to give the cat her supper. (it is obvious I'm talking about my cat)
*When something is unique (including superlatives and first, last, next, only)
E.G. She is the greatest sportwoman.
*When a definiting or prepositional phrase makes the noun specific.
E.G. It's the house at the top of the street.
*Before the names of some geographical features, buildings and places.
E.G. I live in the country, not the town.

Use the zero article:
*Before abstract nouns.
E.G. You can't stop time.
*Before general plural nouns.
E.G. Computers are very powerful now.
! But if the abstract or plural noun is made specific by a defining phrase we use an article.
E.G. The computers we've just bought are fantastic.
*Before people's names and the names of most companies, materials, countries, mountains,
and lacks.
E.G. Alexandra lives in Italy. She lives near Lake Como. She works for Deutsche Bank.
*Before the names of types of institutions, for example school, hospital, university.
E.G. My brother is about to start school.
! But if we are referring to a particular building we use the definite article.
E.G. Excuse me, Is the school near here?

exercise online

http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/eap/2004/u6/relativeclauses.htm#a1
http://www.ego4u.com/

Choose the correct relative pronoun or relative adverb.
1.The woman who is sitting at the desk is Mr Winter's secretary.
2.I cannot remember the reason why he wanted us to leave.
3.Jane, whose mother is a physician, is very good at biology.
4.She didn’t see the snake which was lying on the ground.
5.Do you know the shop where Andrew picked me up?

Combine the sentences with relative clauses. (Decide whether to use commas or not.)
1.A monk is a man. The man has devoted his life to God.
A monk is a man who has devoted his life to God.
2.I have one black cat. His name is Blacky.
I have one black cat whose name is Blacky.
3.A herbivore is an animal. The animal feeds upon vegetation.
A herbivore is an animal who feeds upon vegetation.
4.Carol plays the piano brilliantly. She is only 9 years old.
Carol ,who plays the piano brilliantly, is only 9 years old.
5.Sydney is the largest Australian city. It is not the capital of Australia.
Sydney ,which is the largest Australian city, is not the capital of Australia.

Combine the sentences with contact clauses.
1.We ordered a book. It was very expensive.
We ordered a book which was very expensive.
2.You are sitting on a bench. The paint on the bench is still wet.
The paint on the bench which you are sitting on is still wet.
3.The photographer could not develop the pictures. I had taken them in Australia.
The photographer which I had taken in Australia could not develop the pictures.
4.One of the bins smells awful. You haven’t emptied the bin for 3 weeks.
One of the bins which you haven't emptied for 3 weeks smells awful.
5.They are singing a song. I don’t know the song.
They are singing a song which I don't know.

Combine the sentences with relative clauses or contact clauses. Use contact clauses where possible. (Decide whether to use commas or not.)
1.The city seems to be abandoned. It is usually crowded with people.
The sity, which is usually crowed with people, seems to be abandoned.
2.You made an offer. We cannot accept it.
We can't accept the offer (which) you made.
3.A midwife is a woman. She assists other women in childbirth.
A woman who assists other women in childbirth is a midwife.
4.Three youngsters were arrested by the police. They had committed criminal offences.
The police arrested three youngsters who had committed criminal offences.
5.The World Wide Web has become an essential part of our lives. It was invented by
Tim Berners-Lee.
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, which has become an essential part of our
lives.

text with no gaps

Below are the introduction and first two paragraphs of an essay on Knowledge is power. Discuss. The text is grammatically correct, but it is not well connected. Put the numbers which relate to the words and phrases below into the most appropriate place in the text, as in the two examples. The punctuation will help you to complete the exercise.

1.Work is another obvious area where knowledge bestows power
2.In a similar way,
3.For example,
4.In fact, in all areas of life,
5.Looking at the matter from another angle,
6.Above
7.When the successful candidate finally starts working,
8.,thus,
9.so that
10.A very good example is the field of politics.
11.At the interview itself,
12.,for instance,
13.are then more likely to
14.With this power,
15.This
16.such as
17.,among other things,

red capital=example; pink=own work; green=not necessary

Few people would deny the validity of the 6. ABOVE saying. 4. In fact, in all areas of life, the power of knowledge exerts a considerable force.
10.A very good example is the field of politics. As some politicians have access to many sources of information, they possess a formidable weapon: power. 14. With this power, they are able to control the lives of the general public. 3. For example, when politicians want public support for a particular cause, all they have to do is put forward the positive aspects of their
proposals and hide the negative. The public, 8. thus, ignorant of the whole picture, 13. are more likely to lend their support to the politicians' cause. 2. In a similar way, other politicians are also controlled. 5.Looking at the matter from another angle, the general public and other politicians, 13. are then more likely to through lack of knowledge, are at the mercy of the politician who possesses knowledge, and 8.,thus, power.
1. Work is another obvious area where knowledge bestows power. When someone applies for a job 12.,FOR INSTANCE, the success of the application depends 17.,among other things, on the knowledge of the person who applies. 15. This knowledge involves skills, 16. such as knowing how best to complete the application form; using the correct language; or how to write the accompanying letter. 7.When the successful candidate finally starts working, 11.At the interview itself, the success of the application will depend on the applicant's display of knlwledge about the post applied for. 7. When the successful candidate finally starts working, success or failure will largely be dependent on his/her accumulation of knowledge, 9.so that he/she can deal effectively with others and not be manipulated by them, too much.

text with gaps

You are now going to connect the sentences in a text by inserting suitable words and phrases, but, this time, you will have no help.
A. Look at the items in the following list:
1. Further
2. and consequently AIDS
3. Take the threat of AIDS, for example
4. In my opinion
5. especially young girls
6. First of all, I believe
7. To me, however
8. To put it another way
9. Thirdly
10. Admittedly
11. whether sex education should be introduced
12. Even so, I strongly believe that it needs
13. What is more

Now read the passage below and write the numbers of items from the list in the appropriate blanks. You may use each item once only.

B. What is the title of the essay?
"Do you agree that sex education should be taought in all schools at secondary level?"
"sex education should be introduced in all schools at secondry level, what's your opinion?"

The issue of (a)11.whether sex education should be introduced in all schools at secondary level has been an on-going debate for quite some time. (b)7.To me, however, 4. In my opinion, such education is a necessary part of the curriculum at this level.
(c)6. First of all, I believe pupils need be given lessons on sex education, just like any other field of study. (d)8. To put it in another way, they should not be protected from this subject, as it is one of the most important matters in our everyday life. (e)3.Take the threat of AIDS, for example.13. What is more. Sex education would go a long way in preventing the spread of the HIV virus, (f)2. and consequently AIDS, among the younger generation. (g)10.Admittedly, 3. Take the threat of AIDS, for example, there may be some reticence, and even antagonism, among certain groups of people, as to the way and the degree this subject is presented. (h)12. Even so, I strongly believe that it needs to be part of the curriculum.
(i)1.Further, we have to remember what other hazards ignorance about sex may bring for pupils, at secondary school, (j)5.especially young girls. (k)4.In my opinion, 7. To me, however, it is better to know everything about this 'taboo' subject than to seek knowledge when it is too late, for example in the case of unwanted pregnancies.
(l)9. Thirdly, we all know that young people are especially vulnerable to stress as regards sex. Proper education would, I feel, help to prevent frustration in certain circumstances. (m)13.What's more, 10. Admittedly, it may also stop young people from seeking 'nonscientific' ways of solving their problems, and halt the development of superstition.
As we can see, there are many arguments to support giving lessons in sex education at secondary school.

the advantages of a 'surveillance society' far outweigh the drawbacks

Introduction
Use technology to control crime has been a controversial topic for many years, like CCTV and
number plate recognition, fingerprints, DNA profiling etc. It seems that the human beings fight
with the crime since they were born. With the increasing number of crime, people have been
realising the importance of such technology in fighting against crime. Now the UK is one of the
most developed country owning almost all such kinds of technology to catch up with the criminals
at a crime scene.
It is often argued that such kinds of technology have had a negative effect on human beings'
privacy. "It all seems like an infringement of our privacy" said a representative of the American
Right to Privacy League. However, this essay will argue that these kinds of technology has had a
largely beneficial impact on cracking criminal cases.
The first part of the essay will examine the recent crime scene in the UK and the ways they
solved these problems. Then it is going to look at some of the negative influence about using the
technology against crime and the reason why this situation still exits. The third part of this essay
will go on to explain the numerous benefits which these kinds of technology have brought to the
human beings and analyse its positive effects.

The first paragraph
Although there are a number of arguments that claim over-using the technology tools to fight with crime is a kind of infringement in some ways. Reducing
using these kinds of technology will make the entire society be in lack of safe. This is clearly
exemplified by crimes happened in places where have no technology for preventing the criminals.
The policemen will find it is quite difficult to trace back what was happening, there is no CCTV,
no fingerprint, or even though no biometric and facial recognition etc. Only could one clue be used
is witness, which could take much more time to settle such a crime. Furthermore, this will
promote the local people into a dangerous situation, in another word, the native people could be
worried a lot because nobody knows who will be attacked next time.

The AWL Highlighter introduction

File produced at level 10

It is widely believed that the media images play an important role in society. Are they really like what we thought they should be? or do they have bad influence more than we could imagine?
With development of the technology, watching TV is not a difficult thing any more. We could find them almost everywhere covering any corner of the world. What they were, what they are and what they will be in the future, some people have been realising it has been changing our life more or less.
On one hand, the media images give us more useful and direct information we want, so we don't need to hear from other people who we don't know or doubt whether their claims are true or false, and also they make our life more convenient than ever before, thus, we can decide quickly and easily what kind of strategies should be made, especially for the business people and the politicians; But on the other hand, we do become more passive and uninvolved since we have got them. We prefer to stay at home doing everything we need to, which could make the whole society be in a mess and silence stage; Furthermore, lots of image medias come with a great deal of exposure to sex and violence, which could make people feel amazing and want to copy the action from them. All of this make us have to start thinking whether the world is worth living on? Clearly, the media images have worse influence.
It will be very serious for the entire society if people spend more time on media images or imitate unreal amazing and dangerous actions to these who really exist. Therefore, the media images should be restricted in some ways.
As you will see the first part of this essay will be showed through some fingers and charts about the recent research of negative impact on people's life. The second part of this essay is going to discover the season why the media images have so big power to affect people's behaviour, and finally, it will be given the solution to the problems.

Sentence relationships in a text

P.R connect the sentences where possible

What are the arguments for and against private vehicles? What is your opinion in this matter?

(1)Private vehicles play a key role in our lives. (2) AS They provide independent transport, freedom and many jobs for people. (3) AT THE SAME TIME, HOWEVER, However, They cause pollution, traffic jams, noise and death as well.
(4) FIRSTLY, Private transport, especially the car, gives us freedom to move. (5)So we no longer need to organise our lives around bus or train timetables. (6) IN FACT, Many people think that their cars are indispensable machines. (7) THAT And they cannot live without them. (8) FOR EXAMPLE For instance, people who live in rural areas need private vehicles to go to towns for shopping, socialising, taking children to schools, etc. (9)Without a car their lives would be very difficult. (10) And they would be forced to rely on infrequent public transport, if it existed at all. (11) THAT IS WHY Thus, many families who live in the country have one or more cars. (12) Otherwise, they would be cut off from the rest of the world. (13) HENCE, For many people a car is a necessity.

Notes
Sentence 1 and 2. We can also use because and since.
Sentence 3. At the same time emphasises the contrast. Notice the change in rhythm of the text if you leave it out.
Sentences 4 and 5. This is a different way of saying therefore, accordingly, etc.
Sentence 6. We should also have of course and indeed. If we put Moreover, or words or phrases with a similar meaning, it is correct. It just changes the relationship as regards meaning between the two sentences.
Sentence 7. There are many variations here. We should have:
Many people think that their cars are so indispensable that they cannot live without them.

Man people think that their cars are so indispensable machines. As a result/ Consequentli/ etc, they cannot live without them.
Sentence 11. See Sentences 4,5,7 above.
Sentence 12. Note that otherwise is an adverb. We can have a semicolon or a full stop here.
Sentence 13. We could also use Thus, Therefore.

exercise of prefixes

http://www.learnenglish.org.uk/CET/flashactivities/learnenglish-central-grammar-prefixes.html
Well, I did it as well, but only two thirds was right. It made me crazy~~~
My answers were:
Anti-: biotic
depressant
aircraft
climax
dote
pathy
Co-: star
ordinate
author
operate
founder
pilot
De-: crease
classify
compress
criminate --- DIScriminate
face
Dis-: appoint
advantage
colonise --- DEcolonise
agree
connect
able
Anti- means against, oppsite
Co- means together
De- means from, down or away
Dis- means away, not or negative